Geopolitics and Decolonization (Global Critical Caribbean Thought) by Fernanda Frizzo Bragato

Author:Fernanda Frizzo Bragato [Bragato, Fernanda Frizzo]
Language: eng
Format: epub
ISBN: 9781786605139
Publisher: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers
Published: 2017-12-05T18:30:00+00:00

NOTES

1. These programs consisted of loans provided by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank (WB) to countries with economic crises. During the 1980s the African countries were subjected to these policies, whereas in Latin America they only were implemented in the 1990s. The SAPs generally put into practice “free market” programs that promoted strong internal changes (especially privatization and deregulation) as well as external ones, mainly the reduction of tariffs to foster free trade. The conditionality clauses attached to the loans have had negative effects mostly on the social sector, increasing poverty instead of eliminating it.

2. A strategy of variable geometry means that a group of states play on multiple chessboards at the same time in simultaneous coalitions.

3. In Spanish a specific word is used: concertación política.

4. The document was signed by the foreign ministers of MERCOSUR during a summit held in December 2008 in Brazil.

5. www.asa-malabo.org/asa-en.html.

6. It is worth mentioning the clear distinction made by the Brazilian diplomacy between Latin American countries and South American countries. Mexico, a possible regional leader but with close connections to the United States, is in the first group. Although not explicitly recognized, Brazil plays a leading role in South America.

7. For information about the ASA summits, see http://asasummit.itamaraty.gov.br/asa-ingles/summit-of-south-american-africa.

8. Eight South American presidents were present: Cristina Fernández from Argentina, Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva from Brazil, Evo Morales from Bolivia, Michelle Bachelet from Chile, Rafael Correa from Ecuador, Fernando Lugo from Paraguay, Tabaré Vásquez from Uruguay, and Hugo Chávez as the host. Among the twenty African presidents who traveled to Margarita were Muammar Gadhafi from Libya, Abdulaziz Buteflika from Algeria, Robert Mugabe from Zimbabwe, Teodoro Obiang from Equatorial Guinea, and Jacob Zuma from South Africa.

9. http://article.wn.com/view/2009/09/29/Declaration_of_Nueva_Esparta_2nd_AfricaSouth_America_Summit_/.

10. The South American member states are: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay, and Venezuela. The Arab members are: Algeria, Bahrain, Comoros, Djibouti, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman, Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates, and Yemen (ten of them African countries).

11. Cfr. página web oficial de la Cumbre, desde el sitio del Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores de Brasil: http://www2.mre.gov.br/aspa/es_home.htm [21 de abril de 2008].

12. For more information, see the official website: http://www.bibliaspa.com.br/textos.jsp.

13. The member states are: Argentina, Angola, Benin, Brazil, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Congo, Cote d’Ivoire, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Namibia, Nigeria, Santo Tome Coast, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Sierra Leona, South Africa, Togo, and Uruguay.

14. MERCOSUR is at present suffering from a paralysis due to misunderstandings between its members, who most of the time act on their behalf or as if the integration process had no dynamic.

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